Effect of Laurus nobilis on bacteria and human transforming growth factor-ß1.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to determine the phenolic compounds, the antibacterial activity of extract from Laurus nobilis leaves, and its possible effect on transforming growth factor-ß1 expression level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. METHODS: The phenolic components of Laurus nobilis were identified by the high-performance liquid chromatography method. The antibacterial activity of this extract was determined by disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The transforming growth factor-ß1 expression was analyzed using the RT-qPCR method. RESULTS: Epicatechin was found in the highest amount and o-coumaric acid in the lowest amount. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined to be 55.17 µg/mL. The zones of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration for Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were 15, 14, and 8 mm and 125, 250, and 1000 µg/mL, respectively. The change in transforming growth factor-ß1 expression levels was found to be statistically significant compared with the control groups (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Laurus nobilis extract was found to be effective against bacteria and altered the expression level of transforming growth factor-ß1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Antimicrobial effects of laurel extract, laurel essential oil, zahter extract, and zahter essential oil on chicken wings contaminated with Salmonella Typhimurium.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of zahter extract, zahter essential oil, laurel extract, and laurel essential oil on Salmonella Typhimurium inoculated on chicken wings. METHODS: A total of 10 groups, including eight study groups and two control groups were formed, consisting of zahter extract and zahter essential oil and laurel extract and laurel essential oil in different proportions. In the study, laurel extract at 6.4% and 12.8% concentrations, laurel essential oil at 0.2% and 0.4% concentrations, zahter extract at 0.2% and 0.4% concentrations, and zahter essential oil at 0.2% and 0.4% concentrations were used. RESULTS: The broth microdilution method was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the extract and essential oils on the S. Typhimurium. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of the extracts and essential oils used in the study against S. Typhimurium were determined. The highest inhibitory effect on S. Typhimurium was observed in the 0.4% laurel essential oil group. It was determined that the inhibitory effect increased as the concentration of laurel essential oil increased. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of zahter essential oil is less inhibitory than the laurel extract, laurel essential oil, and zahter extract. CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, it has been revealed that extracts and essential oils obtained from zahter and laurel plants, which have been shown to be natural antimicrobial, can be used in foods as an alternative to chemical additives. To develop research results, the applicability of these extracts and essential oils in different foodstuffs should be examined using different ingredients and concentrations.

The quality evaluation of the laurel leaf samples sold in the market under the name of "Defne Yapragi".

Laurus nobilis L. is an aromatic shrub or tree, Mediterranean element. The leaves are employed as a spice and for medicinal purposes. It is known by various names in Turkey, such as "defne, har and tehnel." In this study, 15 different laurel leaf samples were purchased from 6 different cities in Turkey, diagnosed, and evaluated in terms of quality. The conditions of use and sale of these samples were evaluated. The essential oils obtained from the leaf samples were analyzed, and their physical properties such as density, refractive index, and optical rotation were determined. In the chemical composition of the oils, 1,8-cineole (41.2-64.4%), sabinene (1.5-15.9%), and α-terpinyl acetate (1.5-15%) have been found to be the major components. However, in one station, the presence of 1,8-cineole was not be determined. Laurel leaf drugs offered for sale in some provinces of Turkey were purchased from the market and their morphological characteristics and essential oil profiles were examined and evaluated in terms of public health. It was determined that these samples should be standardized and quality-controlled before being released to the market.

GABase and glutaminase inhibitory activities of herbal extracts and acylated flavonol monoglycosides isolated from the leaves of Laurus nobilis L.

This study was to compare GABase [a mixture of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) aminotransferase and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase] and glutaminase inhibitory activities of 20 herbal extracts and investigate the isolation, structural elucidation and those inhibitory activities of three acylated flavonol monoglycosides from the selected extract of Laurus nobilis L. (laurel). On the basis of the NMR spectroscopic data and the ESI MS spectra together with the comparison with the literature values, three compounds were identified as kaempferol-3-O-(4″-E-p-coumaroyl)-α-l-rhamnopyranoside (1), kaempferol-3-O-(3″,4″-di-E-p-coumaroyl)-α-l-rhamnopyranoside (2) and kaempferol-3-O-(2″,4″-di-E-p-coumaroyl)-α-l-rhamnopyranoside (3), respectively. The IC50 values of GABase inhibitory activity of 1-3 and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (HBA) as control were 0.24 mM, 0.14 mM, 0.12 mM and 0.43 mM, respectively. Additionally, the IC50 values of glutaminase inhibitory activity of 1-3 and 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON) as control were 0.34 mM, 0.13 mM, 0.14 mM and 0.33 mM, respectively. The results suggest that the extract from laurel shows the strongest biological activities among 20 herbal extracts and three acylated flavonol monoglycosides may serve as potential lead compounds for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative and lifestyle-related diseases by targeting GABase and glutaminase. This is the first report on GABase and glutaminase inhibitory activities of 1-3.

Pressurized Liquid Extraction as a Novel Technique for the Isolation of Laurus nobilis L. Leaf Polyphenols.

Laurus nobilis L., known as laurel or bay leaf, is a Mediterranean plant which has been long known for exhibiting various health-beneficial effects that can largely be attributed to the polyphenolic content of the leaves. Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) is a green extraction technique that enables the efficient isolation of polyphenols from different plant materials. Hence, the aim of this research was to determine optimal conditions for PLE (solvent, temperature, number of extraction cycles and static extraction time) of laurel leaf polyphenols and to assess the polyphenolic profile of the optimal extract by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) as well as to evaluate the antioxidant activity determined by FRAP, DPPH and ORAC assays. The optimal PLE conditions were 50% ethanol, 150 °C, one extraction cycle and 5 min static time. The polyphenolic extract obtained at optimal PLE conditions comprised 29 identified compounds, among which flavonols (rutin and quercetin-3-glucoside) were the most abundant. The results of antioxidant activity assays demonstrated that PLE is an efficient green technique for obtaining polyphenol-rich laurel leaf extracts with relatively high antioxidant activity.

Laurel Attenuates Dexamethasone-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy In Vitro and in a Rat Model.

Prevention of muscle atrophy contributes to improved quality of life and life expectancy. In this study, we investigated the effects of laurel, selected from 34 spices and herbs, on dexamethasone (DEX)-induced skeletal muscle atrophy and deciphered the underlying mechanisms. Co-treatment of C2C12 myotubes with laurel for 12 h inhibited the DEX-induced expression of intracellular ubiquitin ligases-muscle atrophy F-box (atrogin-1/MAFbx) and muscle RING finger 1 (MuRF1)-and reduction in myotube diameter. Male Wistar rats were supplemented with 2% laurel for 17 days, with DEX-induced skeletal muscle atrophy occurring in the last 3 days. Laurel supplementation inhibited the mRNA expression of MuRF1, regulated DNA damage and development 1 (Redd1), and forkhead box class O 1 (Foxo1) in the muscles of rats. Mechanistically, we evaluated the effects of laurel on the cellular proteolysis machinery-namely, the ubiquitin/proteasome system and autophagy-and the mTOR signaling pathway, which regulates protein synthesis. These data indicated that the amelioration of DEX-induced skeletal muscle atrophy induced by laurel, is mainly mediated by the transcriptional inhibition of downstream factors of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Thus, laurel may be a potential food ingredient that prevents muscle atrophy.

Recovery and Seasonal Variation of Cinnamtannin B-1 from Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) Pruning Wood Wastes.

Cinnamtannin B-1 (C-B1) is a commercially-available trimeric A-type procyanidin with remarkable cellular actions mainly derived from its high radical scavenging activity. C-B1 is the main phenolic compound of laurel wood, which has previously been isolated by a combination of conventional chromatographic techniques. The first aim of this work was to find laurel trees containing as much C-B1 as possible, and learn about the influence of variables, such as gender and harvest time, on the production of C-B1 by the tree. It was found that all studied trees tend to give higher C-B1 percentages in the May-July period, from 6 % to 18 %, and lower ones around March (spring) and November (fall), from 1 % to 8 %. In a general way, it also seems that the female trees tend to produce a bit more C-B1 (from 2.8 % to 17.3 %) than male ones (from 1.7 % to 13.4 %). In addition, eight minor phenolic compounds [(-)-ent-catechin (1), (-)-ent-epicatechin-(4α→8)-ent-epicatechin (2), (epi)catechin-(4→8)-(epi)afzelechin-(4→8)-(epi)catechin (3), (+)-epiafzelechin-(4ß→8)-epicatechin (4), (-)-epicatechin (5), (-)-afzelechin-(4α→8)-epicatechin (6), (epi)afzelechin-(4→8)-(epi)afzelechin-(4→8)-(epi)catechin (7) and (+)-epicatechin-(4ß→8,2ß→O-7)-epicatechin-(4ß→8)-catechin (C-D1)] were found and quantified in the ethyl acetate extract of the wood samples. The second aim of this work was to improve the recovery of C-B1 from laurel wood. The use of the fast centrifugal partition chromatography (FCPC) technique has allowed for a recovery of 96 % of a technical-grade C-B1 (64 % in a previous protocol using conventional column chromatography on silica gel and size-exclusion chromatography).

Evaluation of the Effect of Alcoholic Extract of Laurus Nobilis Leaves on Blood Biochemical Parameters and Histological Changes in the Liver and Kidney among Female Wistar Rats Treated with Depakene (Sodium Valproate).

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Laurus Nobilis (Bay leaves) alcoholic extract on glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, and urea levels; moreover, it was attempted to examine the histological changes induced in the liver and kidney among female albino rats treated with Depakene (Sodium Valproate). The L. nobilis leaves were dried in the shade, and they were then ground in mechanical processing. The resulting substance (250 gm) was processed in 70% ethanol for 24 h using a Soxhlet extractor at 45°C. Before being measured, the extract was concentrated in vacuo and stored in a vacuum desiccator until the elimination of all the solvents. In total, 20 female adult Wistar rats (230-250 g) were bred in the Animal House Lab at the University of Kufa, Faculty of Education for Girls, Kufa, Iraq. These animals were randomly divided into four groups (n=5), housed in a typical laboratory setting, and given a standard diet and water. Each animal received the treatments intraperitoneally for 30 days. The experimental groups were designed as follows: group 1 (the control) was given only physiological saline solution; group 2 received alcoholic extract of L. nobilis leaves at a dose of 150 mg/kg BW; group 3 received Depakene (Sodium Valproate) at a dose of 500 mg/kg BW; and group 4 received alcoholic extract+Depakene at a dose of 150 mg/kg BW and 500 mg/kg BW. The animals were euthanized following anaesthesia 24 h after the last day of the experiment. Heart blood samples were gathered in gel tubes, the serum was then centrifuged for 15 min at 3000 rpm to measure the biochemical parameter levels, which included glucose, HbA1C, ALT, AST, creatinine, and urea. The liver and kidney organs were removed and placed in a 10% formaldehyde solution instantly. Following fixation, they were processed as usual before being embedded in paraffin for histological analysis. Morphological changes were assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining techniques. The recorded data showed a major drop (P<0.05) in blood glucose and HbA1c levels in group 2 which was given ethanol extract, compared to the other groups. Interestingly, the level of blood glucose and HbA1c levels reduced significantly in group 4, which was given L. nobilis+Depakene, compared to the control and the animals treated with only Depakene. Moreover, the results showed a major rise (P<0.05) in the liver enzyme among the animals treated with Depakene, compared to other groups. On the other hand, the recorded data showed a substantial drop (P<0.05) in creatinine levels in the animals treated with L. nobilis leaves extract (group 2) and group 4, compared to group 3 and the control group, respectively. However, no changes were recorded in the case of urea levels among the groups. Finally, the findings of this study showed that the ethanol extract of L. nobilis leaves was effectively reduced the adverse effects of Depakene. On the other hand, it had a significant effect on the reduction of blood glucose.

Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Laurus nobilis leaves.

Chemical composition determination and in vitro antibacterial effect of Essential Oil (EO) of Laurus nobilis leaves grown North West Algerian conditions were investigated. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by the technique of the paper disc diffusion. Extractions were carried out with Clevenger apparatus and EO compositions were investigated by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The oxygenated monoterpenes (MO) were the class with the highest contents, represent 59% of the EO. A total of twenty-seven of these compounds were identified, the major components were 1,8-cineole (30.1%), α-terpynil acetate (21.6%), methyl eugenol (16.9%) of the total oil. The highest antibacterial power of the EO tested was recorded in Streptococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus with the zone diameter of inhibition 13.6 and 11.2 mm respectively and a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.25 mg/mL for both these two strains.

Antimicrobial activity and chemical characterization of Laurel essential oil / Atividade antimicrobiana e caracterização química do óleo essencial de Louro / Actividad antimicrobiana y caracterización química del aceite esencial de Laurel

The factors that arouse interest in the study of essential oils as biocidal agents are numerous, such as the fact that they have antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and larvicidal properties. The objective of this work was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity, in vitro, of the laurel (Laurus nobilis L) essential oil on the growth of pathogenic bacteria Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, at different exposure times, as well as to perform the chemical characterization. Twenty compounds were identified and quantified, representing 96.57% of the total composition. The class of oxygenated monoterpenes represented the majority class of the essential oil, with 1,8-cineol (33.8%) as the substance found in greater quantity, followed by linalool (17.79%). The third constituent in greater quantity was sabinene (12.23%), belonging to the group of monoterpene hydrocarbons. Terpinyl acetate (9.41%) was also considered to be quantitatively representative. Laurel essential oil showed bacteriostatic activity against S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028 and S. aureus ATCC 25923.(AU)

Os fatores que despertam interesse no estudo dos óleos essenciais como agentes biocidas são inúmeros, como o fato de possuírem propriedades antibacteriana, antifúngica, inseticida, antioxidante, antiinflamatória e larvicida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana, in vitro, do óleo essencial de louro (Laurus nobilis L) sobre o crescimento das bactérias patogênicas Salmonella enterica sorovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028 e Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, em diferentes tempos de exposição, assim como realizar a caracterização química do óleo. Vinte compostos foram identificados e quantificados, representando 96,57% da composição total. A classe dos monoterpenos oxigenados representou a classe majoritária do óleo essencial, sendo o 1,8-cineol (33,8%) a substância encontrada em maior quantidade, seguido do linalol (17,79%). O terceiro constituinte em maior quantidade foi o sabineno (12,23%), pertencente ao grupo dos hidrocarbonetos monoterpênicos. O acetato de terpinila (9,41%) também foi considerado quantitativamente representativo. O óleo essencial de louro apresentou atividade bacteriostática contra S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028 e S. aureus ATCC 25923.(AU)

Los factores que despiertan interés en el estudio de los aceites esenciales como agentes biocidas son innumerables, como el hecho de que tienen propiedades antibacterianas, anti fúngicas, insecticidas, antioxidantes, antiinflamatorias y larvicidas. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana, in vitro, del aceite esencial de laurel (Laurus nobilis L) sobre el crecimiento de bacterias patógenas Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028 y Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, en diferentes momentos de exposición, así como realizar la caracterización química del aceite. Se identificaron y cuantificaron veinte compuestos, que representan el 96,57% de la composición total. La clase de mono terpenos oxigenados representó la clase principal de aceite esencial, siendo el 1,8-cineol (33,8%) la sustancia que se encuentra en mayor cantidad, seguida del linalol (17,79%). El tercer constituyente en mayor cantidad fue el sabineno (12,23%), perteneciente al grupo de los hidrocarburos monoterpénicos. El acetato de terpinilo (9,41%) también se consideró cuantitativamente representativo. El aceite esencial de laurel mostró actividad bacteriostática contra S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028 y S. aureus ATCC 25923.(AU)

Bioactive pectic polysaccharides from bay tree pruning waste: Sequential subcritical water extraction and application in active food packaging.

The potential isolation of bio-active polysaccharides from bay tree pruning waste was studied using sequential subcritical water extraction using different time-temperature combinations. The extracted polysaccharides were highly enriched in pectins while preserving their high molecular mass (10-100 kDa), presenting ideal properties for its application as additive in food packaging. Pectin-enriched chitosan films were prepared, improving the optical properties (≥95% UV-light barrier capacity), antioxidant capacity (˃95% radical scavenging activity) and water vapor permeability (≤14 g·Pa-1·s-1·m-1·10-7) in comparison with neat chitosan-based films. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of chitosan was maintained in the hybrid films. Addition of 10% of pectins improved mechanical properties, increasing the Young's modulus 12%, and the stress resistance in 51%. The application of pectin-rich fractions from bay tree pruning waste as an additive in active food packaging applications, with triple action as antioxidant, barrier, and antimicrobial has been demonstrated.

In vitro acaricidal activity of essential oil and crude extracts of Laurus nobilis, (Lauraceae) grown in Tunisia, against arthropod ectoparasites of livestock and poultry: Hyalomma scupense and Dermanyssus gallinae.

The current study assayed the toxicity of Laurus nobilis essential oil and crude extracts obtained using solvents of increasing polarity (cyclohexane, acetone and ethanol), on two ectoparasites of veterinary importance, i.e., Hyalomma scupense and Dermanyssus gallinae. The major components detected in bay laurel essential oil were dominated by 1.8-cineole (46.56 %), α-terpinenyl acetate (13.99 %), sabinene (7.69), α-pinene (5.75), linalool (5.50), methyleugenol (5.36 %) and ß-pinene (3.97). The highest total phenolic and flavonoids contents were present in the ethalonic extract of L. nobilis leaves at an amount of 152.88 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry weight (GAE/g DW) and 21.77 mg quercetin equivalent per gram of dry weight (QE/g DW), respectively. In vitro acaricidal effects of essensial oil and crude extract of L. nobilis against H. scupense were ascertained by adult immersion test of engorged females (AIT) and larval packet test (LPT) compared with a reference drug amitraz. The essential oil exhibited strong acaricidal activity against tick engorged female and inhibition of hatching eggs. After 24 h of exposure, at the highest tested concentration (100 mg/mL) essential oil induced 90.67 % mortality of H. scupense larvae (LC50 = 10.69 mg/mL). Otherwise, essential oil exhibited high acaricidal activity compared to extracts, and among the extract, the ethanolic extract revealed the highest acaricidal efficacy (81.27 % female mortality). Results from mite contact toxicity showed that essential oil and extracts from L. nobilis were toxic to D. gallinae. Bay essential oil was both more toxic to mites, and faster in exerting this toxicity than other tested crude extracts. L. nobilis essential oil concentration leaded to enhance mortality of D. gallinae reaching the highest (100 %) mortality at 12 h with a concentration of 320 mg/mL. While, ethanolic extract acheived this rate after 24 h of exposure at same concentration. Cyclohexanic extract showed weak acaricidal activity.

In vitro Anti-Leishmanial Activity of Essential Oils Extracted from Plants Growing in Northern Cyprus Against Leishmania tropica

Objective: Natural plant products are considered as a source of novel and effective compounds for the treatment of leishmaniasis. In this study, the in vitro activities of essential oils obtained from Origanum dubium (OD), Origanum majorana (OM), Salvia fruticosa (SF) and Laurus nobilis (LN) plants in Northern Cyprus were investigated against Leishmania tropica. Methods: Leishmania tropica strain (MHOM/TR/2012/CBCL-LT) was obtained. RPMI-1640 was added to 96-well plates in 100 µL aliquots, 100 µg/mL essential oil was added to the first well of each row and serial 2-fold dilutions were performed. A promastigote suspension was pipetted into all wells, and the plates were incubated. The promastigotes were enumerated using a haemocytometer. Results: OD essential oil was effective at killing all promastigotes at a minimum inhibitor height (MIC)=0.2 µg/mL and had high activity at the lowest concentrations. Both SF and LN oils had MIC=1.56 µg/mL and LD50=0.78 µg/mL. SF was observed to impair promastigote morphology at the lowest concentrations, while LN did not exert any effect at concentrations <0.2 µg/mL. OM essential oil was found to have a MIC=3.13 µg/mL and a LD50=1.56 µg/mL. Conclusion: All tested essential oils inhibited promastigotes of Leishmania tropica. OD essential oil demonstrated the highest anti-leishmanial activity. Amaç: Bitkilerden elde edilen dogal ürünlerin leishmaniasis tedavisi için yeni ve etkili bilesiklerin üretilmesine öncülük edecegi düsünülmektedir. Çalismamizda, Kuzey Kibris'ta yetisen Origanum dubium (OD), Origanum majorana (OM), Salvia fruticosa (SF) ve Laurus nobilis (LN) bitkilerinden elde edilen uçucu yaglarin Leishmania tropica'ya karsi in vitro etkinlikleri arastirilmistir. Yöntemler: Çalismamizda, Leishmania tropica susu (MHOM/TR/2012/CBCL-LT) kullanildi. Düz tabanli 96'lik plaklarda, tüm kuyucuklara 100 µL RPMI-1640 ve ilk kuyucuklara 100 µg/mL uçucu yaglar eklenerek, seri dilüsyonlari yapildi. Ardindan tüm kuyucuklara Leishmania tropica promastigot süspansiyonundan pipetlendi ve inkübe edildi. Hemositometre yöntemiyle promastigotlarin sayisi incelendi. Bulgular: OD yaginin minimum inhibitör konsantrasyonu (MIK)=0,2 µg/mL'de tüm promastigotlari öldürürken, en düsük konsantrasyonlarda bile etkili oldugu görülmüstür. SF ve LN uçucu yaglarinin ikisinde de MIK=1,56 µg/mL, LD50=0,78 µg/mL olarak saptanmistir. SF'nin en düsük konsantrasyonlarinin bile promastigot morfolojisini bozdugu görülürken, Laurus nobilis'in ise 0,2 µg/mL'den sonraki konsantrasyonlarda etkisini kaybettigi belirlenmistir. OM uçucu yaginin MIK=3,13 µg/mL, LD50=1,56 µg/mL oldugu görülmüstür. Sonuç: Kullanilan tüm uçucu yaglarin Leishmania tropica promastigotlarini inhibe ettigi görülürken, en yüksek anti-leishmanial etkinlik Origanum dubium uçucu yaginda bulunmustur.

Suggestions on the Contribution of Methyl Eugenol and Eugenol to Bay Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) Essential Oil Preservative Activity through Radical Scavenging.

The present study examined the radical scavenging potential of the two benzene derivatives found in the bay laurel essential oil (EO), namely methyl eugenol (MEug) and eugenol (Eug), theoretically and experimentally to make suggestions on their contribution to the EO preservative activity through such a mechanism. Calculation of appropriate molecular indices widely used to characterize chain-breaking antioxidants was carried out in the gas and liquid phases (n-hexane, n-octanol, methanol, water). Experimental evidence was based on the DPPH• scavenging assay applied to pure compounds and a set of bay laurel EOs chemically characterized with GC-MS/FID. Theoretical calculations suggested that the preservative properties of both compounds could be exerted through a radical scavenging mechanism via hydrogen atom donation. Eug was predicted to be of superior efficiency in line with experimental findings. Pearson correlation and partial least square regression analyses of the EO antioxidant activity values vs. % composition of individual volatiles indicated the positive contribution of both compounds to the radical scavenging activity of bay laurel EOs. Eug, despite its low content in bay laurel EOs, was found to influence the most the radical scavenging activity of the latter.

Phytosynthesis of CuONPs via Laurus nobilis: Determination of antioxidant content, antibacterial activity, and dye decolorization potential.

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) were phytosynthesized by Laurus nobilis leaf extract, which was used as a reducing and capping agent. UV-vis spectroscopy was applied, and the spectrum of CuONPs gave a peak around 300 and 325 nm. An intense Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy between 4000 and 500 cm-1 wavelengths exhibited exterior functional groups of CuONPs. The results of scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the green synthesized CuONPs were spherical in shape with sizes between 90 and 250 nm. Antibacterial activity of CuONPs was evaluated against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Brilliant Blue R-250 was employed in the dye decolorization studies, and CuONPs achieved 69% decolorization in 60 Min. The antioxidant activity of CuONPs was calculated by analyzing total phenolic compounds and flavonoid content. Furthermore, the reducing power of extract and nanoparticles was determined. Total phenolic compounds of CuONPs were determined as 6.7 µg of pyrocatechol equivalent/mg, while total flavonoids were measured as 236.62 µg catechin/mg sample. Results indicated that the method of CuONP formation is simple and low cost and the phytosynthesized CuONPs had antibacterial, antioxidant, and dye decolorization activity.

FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Clove, cinnamon leaf and West Indian bay leaf-derived flavoring ingredients.

In 2015, the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association initiated the safety re-evaluation of over 250 natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavor ingredients. This publication, 4th in a series focusing on the safety evaluation of NFCs, presents an evaluation of NFCs rich in hydroxyallylbenzene and hydroxypropenylbenzene constituents using a procedure initially published in 2005 and updated in 2018 that evaluates the safety of naturally occurring mixtures for their intended use as flavoring ingredients. The procedure requires the characterization of the chemical composition for each NFC and subsequent organization of the constituents into defined congeneric groups. The safety of each NFC is evaluated using the conservative threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) approach together with studies on absorption, metabolism and toxicology of the NFC and its constituent congeneric groups. By the application of this procedure, seven NFCs, derived from clove, cinnamon leaf and West Indian bay leaf were affirmed as "generally recognized as safe (GRAS)" under their conditions of intended use as flavor ingredients. An eighth NFC, an oleoresin of West Indian bay leaf, was affirmed based on its estimated intake, which is below the TTC of 0.15 µg/person per day for compounds with structural alerts for genotoxicity.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, phytochemical screening and antiprotozoal effects of the methanolic Viola tricolor and acetonic Laurus nobilis extracts.

BACKGROUND: The antiprotozoal and antioxidant activities of Viola tricolor and Laurus nobilis have been reported recently. Thus, the existing study pursued to assess the growth inhibition effect of methanolic extract of V. tricolor (MEVT) and acetonic extract of L. nobilis (AELN) against five Babesia parasites and Theileria equi in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: MEVT and AELN suppressed Babesia bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, B. caballi, and T. equi growth at half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 75.7 ± 2.6, 43.3 ± 1.8, 67.6 ± 2.8, 48 ± 3.8, 54 ± 2.1 µg/mL, and 86.6 ± 8.2, 33.3 ± 5.1, 62.2 ± 3.3, 34.5 ± 7.5 and 82.2 ± 9.3 µg/mL, respectively. Qualitative phytochemical estimation revealed that both extracts containing multiple bioactive constituents and significant amounts of flavonoids and phenols. The toxicity assay revealed that MEVT and AELN affected the mouse embryonic fibroblast (NIH/3 T3) and Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell viability with half-maximum effective concentrations (EC50) of 930 ± 29.9, 1260 ± 18.9 µg/mL, and 573.7 ± 12.4, 831 ± 19.9 µg/mL, respectively, while human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) cell viability was not influenced even at 1500 µg/mL. The in vivo experiment revealed that the oral administration of MEVT and AELN prohibited B. microti multiplication in mice by 35.1 and 56.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These analyses indicate the prospects of MEVT and AELN as good candidates for isolating new anti-protozoal compounds which could assist in the development of new drug molecules with new drug targets.

Mitigation of lead neurotoxicity by the ethanolic extract of Laurus leaf in rats.

The present study was conducted in order to assess the chemical composition of Laurus, its antioxidant activities, and benefit from the Laurus extract effect on neurotoxicity caused by lead acetate (Pb). Chemical profile was assayed by using liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HR-MS). In this study, 40 male rats were divided into four groups (10 rats per each group): (1) control group, (2) Laurus group: rats treated with 250 mg/kg b. wt. of Laurus leaves extract, (3) Pb group: rats treated with 100 mg/kg b. wt. of lead acetate, (4) Pb + Laurus group: rats treated with 250 mg/kg b. wt. of Laurus leaves extract in addition to lead acetate for 30 days. At the end of experiment, some estimates were calculated from blood samples, brain tissue, and histological examination. The results showed that the extract is highly affluent in total flavonoids, total phenolic, and also has antioxidant activity. The LC-MS appeared a wide range of compounds in the extract. The oxidative stress resulted from exposure to lead acetate has been reported to cause reduction in body and brain weights, levels of RBCs, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), GSH, SOD, and CAT in addition to increase in levels of WBCs and MAD. Moreover, Laurus leaves extract notably lessened the biochemical changes caused by lead acetate in the blood, homogenate, and brain tissue (P < 0.05). The current study indicates the antioxidant activity of Laurus leaves extract and assumes that it has a defensive role against the oxidative damage caused by lead in a rat's brain.

Diagnostic Potential of FT-IR Fingerprinting in Botanical Origin Evaluation of Laurus nobilis L. Essential Oil is Supported by GC-FID-MS Data.

The last years, non-targeted fingerprinting by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy has gained popularity as an alternative to classical gas chromatography (GC)-based methods because it may allow fast, green, non-destructive and cost-effective assessment of quality of essential oils (EOs) from single plant species. As the relevant studies for Laurus nobilis L. (bay laurel) EO are limited, the present one aimed at exploring the diagnostic potential of FT-IR fingerprinting for the identification of its botanical integrity. A reference spectroscopic dataset of 97 bay laurel EOs containing meaningful information about the intra-species variation was developed via principal component analysis (PCA). This dataset was used to train a one-class model via soft independent modelling class analogy (SIMCA). The model was challenged against commercial bay laurel and non-bay laurel EOs of non-traceable production history. Overall, the diagnostic importance of spectral bands at 3060, 1380-1360, 1150 and 1138 cm-1 was assessed using GC-FID-MS data. The findings support the introduction of FT-IR as a green analytical technique in the quality control of these often mislabeled and/or adulterated precious products. Continuous evaluation of the model performance against newly acquired authentic EOs from all producing regions is needed to ensure validity over time.

In vitro activity of essential oils against adult and immature stages of Ctenocephalides felis felis.

Essential oils (EOs) are considered a new class of ecological products aimed at the control of insects for industrial and domestic use; however, there still is a lack of studies involving the control of fleas. Ctenocephalides felis felis, the most observed parasite in dogs and cats, is associated with several diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity, the establishment of LC50 and toxicity of EOs from Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B. L. Burtt & R. M. Sm, Cinnamomum spp., Laurus nobilis L., Mentha spicata L., Ocimum gratissimum L. and Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle against immature stages and adults of C. felis felis. Bioassay results suggest that the method of evaluation was able to perform a pre-screening of the activity of several EOs, including the discriminatory evaluation of flea stages by their LC50. Ocimum gratissimum EO was the most effective in the in vitro assays against all flea stages, presenting adulticide (LC50 = 5.85 µg cm-2), ovicidal (LC50 = 1.79 µg cm-2) and larvicidal (LC50 = 1.21 µg cm-2) mortality at low doses. It also presented an excellent profile in a toxicological eukaryotic model. These findings may support studies involving the development of non-toxic products for the control of fleas in dogs and cats.